Transmission Routes of the Microbiome and Resistome from Manure to Soil and Lettuce

The land application of animal manure can introduce microbiome and resistome to croplands where food crops are grown. objective this study was characterize the on in leaves lettuce grown manured soil identify main transmission routes microbes antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from episphere endosphere lettuce. Shotgun metagenomic results show that significantly altered composition surface soil. SourceTracker analyses indicate original were source rhizosphere soil, respectively. Manure (ADONIS p 0.05). Our manure-borne ARGs reached primarily through some epiphytic further entered endosphere. findings inform development pre- postharvest practices minimize consumers.